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First
published in Asia
Pacific Defence Reporter, 2005
by
Dr Carlo Kopp
Text,
Line Art ©
2005, 2007 Carlo Kopp
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Raduga
Kh-55SM Kent with conformal fuel tanks. China illegally acquired
samples from
the Ukraine to permit the development of a cloned variant for the
PLA. This weapon is also a candidate for new production Badgers (RuMOD).
A series of media reports in June last year centred on the issue of the
DPRK acquiring cruise missile technology from Russia via Iran. The
Japanese daily Sankei Shimbun, claiming ruling party and government
agency sources, alleged that Iran had supplied the Kh-55 / AS-15 Kent
to the DPRK for the purpose of reverse engineering. The Sankei Shimbun
quoted a Defence Ministry source claiming 'They [Iran and DPRK] are
linked by a network beneath the surface regarding the development of
weapons of mass destruction.'
The sorry saga of the proliferation of the Soviet era Kh-55 missile is
a case study in how the post Soviet apparatus of state in former Soviet
republics has been unable to contain leakages of sensitive technologies.
Rumours that China and Iran had acquired examples of the Kh-55SM
missile from the Ukraine had been circulating for some years, but
without any robust data to validate these claims. This all changed with
the Orange Revolution in the Ukraine and the collapse of the regime of
pro-Russian president Leonid Kuchma, earlier accused of selling long
range ESM systems to Saddam Hussein prior to Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Hrihory Omelchenko, deputy chairman of the parliamentary committee on
organised crime and corruption, sent an open letter this January to the
new Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko, in which he reported that
government officials loyal to the former regime had actively obstructed
investigations into the illegal export of the Kh-55SM missile to China
and Iran.
The affair occupied considerable bandwidth in the Ukrainian and Russian
media earlier this year. According to multiple sources, the illegal
transaction was initiated in 2000, when two Russians, O.H. Orlov and
E.V. Shelenko, both associated with the Progress export company,
produced a false Rosvooruzheniye arms export agency contract document
for the supply of twenty Kh-55SM missiles. This contract was provided
to UkrSpetzExport, a Ukrainian equipment exporter. The two Russians
were aided by the head of the Ukrainian Ukrazviazakaz company, Vladimir
Evdokimov, a reservist in Ukrainian intelligence.
Omelchenko's letter claimed 'These cruise missiles were hidden on
military depots of the Ukrainian Defense Ministry under the control of
[the Defense Ministry] and under documentation signed by senior
officials of the ministry, saying they were in fact designated as
destroyed.'
A chain of front companies was used to cover the transaction, with six
Kh-55SM missiles claimed to have been flown to China in April, 2000,
and another six to Iran in June 2001. The deal included a KNO-120
ground support system for testing, initialising and programming the
missiles. The destination of the remaining eight rounds was not
disclosed. Iran is alleged to have paid US$49.5 million for the
missiles, with Orlov and Shelenko earning US$600,000 for their efforts.
Russian and Ukrainian media also allege that an Australian national was
part of the transaction.
This transaction comes as no surprise to analysts familiar with
contemporary Russian arms exports. US based analyst Dr Alexander Nemets
disclosed some years ago that China was operating two parallel
campaigns to acquire Russian weapons technology. One involved legal
acquisitions via Rosoboronexport (formerly Rosvooruzheniye), the other
not so legal acquisitions via the black market.
Iran's connections with the DPRK are also widely documented, and the
export of DPRK ballistic missile technology to Iran provided a
technological foundation for Iran's developing IRBM manufacturing
infrastructure. Iran invested considerable effort in circumventing
Western embargoes on exporting military technology, especially to
maintain the large inventory of US aircraft and other equipment
supplied during the reign of the Pahlavi regime.
The significance of the Soviet era Kh-55SM should not be
underestimated. This is the most capable strategic cruise missile in
service globally, other than the US AGM-86B ALCM and BGM-109B Tomahawk.
It is the backbone of the Russian air launched nuclear deterrent,
equipping the Tu-95MS Bear H and Tu-160 Blackjack A bombers.
MKU-5-6
rotary launcher (RuMoD).
Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack A launching a Kh-55SM (RuMoD).
Tupolev Tu-95MS Bear H 'raketonosets' cruise missile carrier (US DoD).
The Design and Capabilities of
the Kh-55 Kent
The Kh-55 family of cruise missiles owes its origins to a series of
internal studies at the Raduga OKB during the early 1970s. Raduga were
unsuccessful initially in convincing the Soviet leadership of the value
of their concept, but this changed as public knowledge of the US Air
Launched Cruise Missile program became better known in the Soviet Union.
Russian sources claim that Raduga's early work on these weapons was
opposed by many Russian experts who were deeply sceptical of the
viability of such a complex new weapon.
The Kh-55 family of weapons most closely resemble the early US BGM-109 Tomahawk in concept,
using a cylindrical fuselage with pop out planar wings, unfolding tail
control surfaces, and a ventral turbofan engine, with guidance provided
by a TERrain COntour Matching (TERCOM) aided inertial navigation system.
The most visible difference between the Tomahawk and Kh-55 families of
missiles is the engine installation. The Tomahawk's Williams F107-WR100
engine is embedded in the tail and uses a ventral inlet duct and
tailcone exhaust. The Kh-55's Omsk AMKB TVD-50 two spool turbofan is
mounted in a nacelle which is stowed in the aft fuselage and deploys
via a ventral door on a pylon after launch.
The TVD-50 is a critical piece of technology in the Kh-55 as it is a
compact and fuel efficient turbofan in the thrust and size class
required to power cruise missiles, standoff missiles and UAVs. The
cited thrust rating is 400 to 500 kp (880 to 1,000 lbf), with a dry
mass of 95 kg (210 lb), a Specific Fuel Consumption of 0.65, a length
of 0.85 m (33.5 in) and diameter of 0.33 m (13 in).
The Tomahawk uses a four surface tail control assembly with anhedral on
the stabilators, whereas the Kh-55 uses only three larger surfaces,
with more pronounced anhedral. The largely symmetrical aft fuselage of
the Tomahawk differs from the more pronounced sculpting of the Kh-55
aft fuselage.
The cylindrical fuselage configuration is essentially the same for both
designs. The Tomahawk has a 21 in diameter, the Kh-55 a 20.5 in
diameter, the Tomahawk weighed 2,700 lb at launch, the Kh-55 2,870 lb.
The later blocks of the Tomahawk have a chined 'Beluga' nose to reduce
radar signature, the Kh-55 retains an ogival/spherical nose.
The baseline guidance package on both missiles is designed around a
digital computer running Kalman filter and TERCOM software, with an
onboard memory storing a digital map, coupled to a radar altimeter for
terrain profiling and a low drift inertial unit. Tomahawks later
acquired an optical Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator and GPS -
the Soviet had DSMAC technology but it has never been disclosed whether
this was added to the Kh-55 series. The cited designation for the Kh-55
guidance package is the Sprut and BSU-55.
Like the Tomahawk, the Kh-55 spawned a range of derivatives, unlike the
Tomahawk the Kh-55 became the dominant air launched weapon. The first
generation of Kh-55s appeared in three configurations, entering service
in 1984. The 'Izdeliye 120' Kh-55 / AS-15A was air launched from the
Tu-95MS using a MKU-6-5 rotary launcher and external pylons, the
RKV-500A / SS-N-21 Sampson was tube launched from the Type 671 Victor,
Type 945 Sierra and Type 971 Akula submarines, and the RK-55 / SSC-X-4
Slingshot tube launched from a MAZ-543M (MAZ-7310) 8x8 TEL, carrying
six rounds.
The air launched Kh-55 was followed by the improved 'Izdeliye 124'
Kh-55OK, which was supplanted in production by the most capable
'Izdeliye 125' Kh-55SM / AS-15B subtype in 1987.
The aim of the Kh-55SM design was to further extend the striking range
of the basic missile, cited at 1,350 NMI (2,500 km). This was achieved
by adding a pair of conformal fuselage fuel tanks, which increased
launch weight to 3,750 lb (1,700 kg), but increased cruise range to
1,620 NMI (3,000 km) with a 200 kT warhead fitted. The naval variant of
the Kh-55SM was designated the RKV-500B.
A conventional derivative of the Kh-55, designated the Kh-555, was
recently announced. A lightweight shorter ranging derivative weapon,
the Kh-65, has been actively marketed since the 1990s.
For all intents and purposes, the late model Kh-55SM is a heavier and
longer ranging equivalent to the BGM-109B Tomahawk, with performance
closest to the AGM-86B ALCM.
The Proliferation Problem
The Kh-55SM is an attractive target for reverse engineering, as the
design is implemented suing 1970s Soviet technology. As such the
electronics in the guidance system can be readily reversed engineered
using commercial components, and the structure and engine use commodity
materials technologies.
While many nations have the engineering capability to design an
airframe in the class of the Kh-55 and Tomahawk, developing and
integrating the guidance package and engine is much more demanding.
The low density electronics technology in the Kh-55SM is a case in
point. Built using first generation Soviet embedded computers, the
hardware is simple enough to copy directly and the software, coded in
assembly language as was customary during that period, could be
downloaded with no difficulty. Publicly available software tools such
as reverse assemblers could be adapted with little effort to
reconstitute the original source code for the missile navigation and
guidance package, and ground support equipment. Unlike contemporary US
weapons which use complex anti-tamper techniques in the software and
integrated hardware, the Kh-55 predates this model by a generation.
Once the party performing the reverse engineering has reconstituted the
original software, and cloned the original hardware, the reverse
engineered Kh-55 can be launched on its own evolutionary path as a
derivative design. This means additional navigation sensors to feed the
Kalman filter, and a range of possible improvements to the missile's
trajectory and navigation algorithms. In Third World economies with low
labour costs, series production costs are not the issue they are in the
developed world.
The only components in the design which could present difficulties for
a new player are the engine turbine and combustors, which require some
skill in metallurgical techniques to achieve viable durability in a
four hour flight profile.
There is little doubt that China has the capability to wholly reverse
engineer the Kh-55SM. Some Western analysts have argued that China's
acquisition of these weapons makes no sense, as China is designing its
own Tomahawk class weapons. This is not a robust argument for several
reasons. The first is that China has in recent decades nearly always
run parallel development programs, using wholly indigenous and licenced
or reverse engineered foreign technology. More than often the foreign
design has displaced the indigenous design.
The second reason is because the integration and testing of cruise
missiles is very expensive, and remains so globally, due to the
complexity of such weapons. While an indigenous design may have working
components, the system may not function adequately as a whole. Reverse
engineering the internals of the Kh-55, or parts thereof, makes for a
viable shortcut to save time and money.
The third reason is the simple expedient of time to production. Any
indigenous weapon will require many years of cyclic design evolution
and flight testing to achieve credible reliability for operational use.
Cloning a bulletproof and proven foreign design avoids this pain.
Photographs of Pakistan's new Babur cruise missile, recently revealed,
bear considerable similarity to the baseline Kh-55. We should not be
surprised to learn at a future date that it is a licenced variant of a
Chinese clone of the Kh-55. Pakistan's licence manufacture of other
evolved but earlier cloned Russian hardware, such as MANPADS, supplied
via China, makes for a good precedent.
To date indigenous Chinese cruise missiles have not matched the range
performance of the Kh-55 series, this itself being a good incentive to
reverse engineer the Russian design.
Iran's capacity to indigenously reverse engineer the Kh-55 is open to
question. To date much of Iran's experience has been confined to
component reverse engineering, rather than complete systems
engineering. The Shahab 3 series are licenced DPRK designed No Dongs,
similar to the Pakistani Ghauri II design. There is a large gap between
reverse engineering individual components, or licence assembling proven
designs, in comparison with tearing down a design and re-engineering it
from the ground up.
The same could not be said for the DPRK, which has proven quite
competent at evolving Russian IRBM designs, and designing and
manufacturing often complex guidance and propulsion components.
The Sankei Shimbun claims by Japanese sources should thus be taken
seriously. Given the well documented earlier collaboration between Iran
and the DPRK on IRBM development and production, an analogous play
using reverse engineered Kh-55s is entirely credible. Iran has oil
derived funds and the DPRK has integration expertise. Neither of the
these nations has good access to alternative sources.
3M14E
Sizzler SLCM (Novator)
Undesignated
PLA cruise missile, possibly a DH-10 prototype.
Launch
of a 'Tomahawk-like' PLA-N cruise missile, believed to be the YJ-62.
The Strategic Perspective
Until recently Iran, the DPRK and China have relied primarily on
ballistic missile technology to provide strategic striking power, with
the former two yet to have the capability to produce compact nuclear
warheads suitable for such applications.
The emerging US National Missile Defence system, and parallel effort to
develop theatre missile defence capabilities, will blunt if not nullify
any offensive advantage offered by ballistic weapons.
While ballistic weapons offer short flight times, they achieve this at
the expense of easy detection at launch via boost phase heat emissions,
and easy detection in midcourse and terminal flight, due to the radar
signature of the warheads and ionisation trails during re-entry. As a
result ballistic weapons provide little if any surprise effect in
combat. As the US effort in BMD capabilities matures, smaller users of
ballistic missiles will be confronted with the reality that most if not
all of their missiles will be intercepted if launched, and any launches
will be detected within seconds by early warning satellites, inviting
immediate nuclear retaliation.
Cruise missiles present a viable means of bypassing the US NMD and TMD
systems, once deployed. With very low heat and radar signatures, cruise
missile launches are difficult to detect, and the weapons remain
difficult to detect and track throughout their low flying cruise
profiles. Unless an Airborne Early Warning & Control asset is on
station, the missiles may elude detection until they hit their targets.
The idea of using cruise missiles to bypass the NMD program is hardly
new. In 2002 Russian analyst Alexander Mozgovoi, writing for
Rosvooruzheniye house journal Military Parade, argued this case
persuasively: 'Low-visibility and low-flying cruise missiles can foil
the U.S. efforts to develop the NMD'.
Another consideration is the cost of maintaining a warstock, and the
capacity to deploy it covertly. Ballistic missiles are expensive in
terms of exotic materials, propellants and component technologies
designed to operate in a high vibration, rapid temperature change, high
G environment. Cruise missiles can be built using 1970s aircraft
technology. The size of IRBMs limits the number which can be carried to
a single round on a TEL, and a large one at that. A single TEL can
deploy four to six cruise missiles each of similar range and throw
weight to the single IRBM carried by an equivalent TEL.
Cruise missiles are easily adapted for air launch, ship launch and
submarine launch environments, the latter including torpedo tubes,
vertical launch tubes, and slanted launch tubes.
There can be little doubt that cruise missiles will become the weapon
of choice for nations intent on challenging US global power.
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Tupolev
Tu-95MS Bear H (US DoD).
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Imagery Sources: US DoD,
RuMoD, Author, PLA-N
Line Artwork: © 2005, 2007
Carlo Kopp |
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Artwork, graphic design and text © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Carlo Kopp; Text © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Peter Goon; All
rights reserved. |
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