Agat Active Radar Seekers for SAM Upgrades

References

1. Viktor Litovkin, Unique Surface-To-Air Missile Baffles Foreign Military Diplomats In Egypt, Moscow (RIA Novosti), URL: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Unique_Surface_To_Air_Missile_Baffles_Foreign_Military_Diplomats_In_Egypt_999.html
2. Upgrade of the S-125 "Pechora" ADMS to level of the S-125-2T "Pechora-2T" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_pechora.php
   Upgrade of the S-125 "Pechora" ADMS to level of the S-125-2TM "Pechora-2TM" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_pechora2tm.php
3. S-200 / SA-5 Gammon, URL: http://www.s-200.de/
4. 5N62V Target Illumination and Guidance Radar, Peter's ADA, URL: http://www.peters-ada.de/s_200_1.htm
5. Upgrade of the S-200 VE "Vega" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_vega.php
   Upgrade of the "OSA-AK(M)" ADMS to level of the "OSA-1T" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_osa.php
6. Yevgeny Pigin, Gennady Kaufman, BUK-M1-2 AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM HAS NO EQUALS IN TERMS OF COMBAT EMPLOYMENT, Military Parade JSC, 1998, URL: http://milparade.udm.ru/29/066.htm
   
7. «Оса», (9К33, SA-8, SA-8A, Gecko) зенитный ракетный комплекс
8. The OSA anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
9. The TOR-M1 anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
10. The TOR-M2E anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol".
11. Miroslav Gyürösi, Russian companies team to develop wheeled Tor-M2E , Jane's Missiles & Rockets, October 01, 2007.
12. Pantsir-S1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
13. Tunguska-M1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
14. 30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula, Russia.
15. Phazotron Shlem air defence radar system, Phazotron NIIR.
16. Martin Rosenkranz, MAKS 2007 Spezial: Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), Russlands neuestes Flugabwehrsystem.
17. Michal Fiszer, Name of the Roses, Microwave Journal Online,  Military Microwaves Supplement 2006, Page 30, Horizon House Publications, URL: http://www.mwjournal.com/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_867
18. Said Aminov, Многоканальная станция наведения ракет 9С32, ЗЕНИТНАЯ РАКЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА 9К81 С-300В (SA-12 Giant/Gladiator), Vestnik PVO, URL: http://pvo.guns.ru/s300v/s300v_4.htm
19. Iosif Akopyan, Director General and General Designer of the Moscow Agat Research Institute JSC, Academician of the Russian Academy of Rocket, and Artillery Sciences, Dr. Sc. (Technology), Professor, AGAT: NEW GENERATION   OF ACTIVE RADAR  HOMING HEADS, Military Parade, July-August, 2003, Rosoboronexport. URL: http://www.missiles.ru/_foto/Slanec_1348/1.pdf
    

SNR-75 Fan Song A-E / S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volkhov / SA-2 Guideline

Gin Sling / HQ-1/HQ-2 Guideline (PLA)

The SNR-75 family of radars employ, by modern standards, a complex antenna arrangement which is employed to effect range and angle tracking of the intended target, and of the transponder beacon in the tail of the missile round. The proximity fused missile round is “dumb”  in the sense that it is a pure command link design, which is flown to a collision with the target using a command uplink embedded in the SNR-75 radar.

SNR-75M / Fan Song E antenna arrangement (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi; legend by author as per http://peters-ada.de/sa2_antenne.htm).

A characteristic feature of the Fan Songs is the use of fixed trough antennas, which in “narrow beam” configuration each produce  a flapping fan shaped beam, one in the horizontal plane and one in the vertical plane, used for angle tracking. While usually described as “Lewis Scanners”, as like the Lewis Scanner they employ a rotating feed to effect beam steering, the internal design is  uniquely Russian and termed a “Metal Air Lens”. It employs a folded internal path, with the 7.5° x 1.1° degree fan shaped mainlobe steered through a 16° arc; earlier variants of the Fan Song producing a 10.0° x 1.1° degree mainlobe steered through a 20° arc. The angular velocity of the rotating feed produces a 54 millisecond sweep cycle duration.

In the late model Fan Song E, the radar used a pair of roof mounted narrow beam parabolic antennas to transmit, and the trough antennas to transmit and receive, the latter intended Scan On Receive Only (SORO) regime developed as an Electronic Counter-Counter Measure against angle jamming techniques. As the trough antennas are fixed in polarisation, separate transmit antennas were employed, with mutually orthogonal polarisations, one used for the elevation or ε-channel, and one for the azimuth or β-channel.

The complete antenna head can be steered in azimuth by rotating the cabin on the rotary mount, while the antenna head can be tilted in elevation using mountings on the roof of the cabin.

The antennas were employed in specific regimes of operation, depending on the operating mode of the Fan Song.

Search Mode is employed to acquire targets for engagements, and the Fan Song crew is cued to the target by an acquisition radar such as a P-12 Spoon Rest, usually supported by a nodding heightfinder. In search mode, the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas are locked into a “wide beam” configuration with a 7.5° x 16° mainlobe section, the intent being to maximise detection volume while accepting poor angular accuracy. Transmissions are at a low PRF of 828-1,440 Hz, and the pulse duration is extended to maximise pulse energy.

Once the target has been acquired, the Fan Song will switch into one of several tracking modes. In these modes the radar emits through the paired P-13 and P-14 parabolic antennas, each of which transmits a linearly polarised but mutually orthogonal signal. Transmissions are in a high PRF regime, typically at 1,656-2,880 Hz, with a shorter pulse duration.

In RS (Ручное Сопровождение) or Manual Track mode the operator uses either the radar scope or the external TV telescope (analogue vidicon tube) to manually track the target. This is the fallback operating mode under severe countermeasures conditions when the automatic mode cannot maintain lock.

In AS (Автоматическое Сопровождение) or Automatic Track mode the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas are configured in narrow beam mode and employed to produce the well known flapping scan beams to generate target angle track outputs in azimuth and elevation, respectively. This is a SORO mode as the jammer cannot know the scan cycle produced by the internal rotating antenna feed.

A third automatic mode, termed ASAP mode, is also employed and uses automatic track and antenna steering.

Once the command link guided missile has been launched, its position must be tracked, and steering commands must be sent to the missile. The circular polarised P-15 antenna is used to transmit the pulse modulation K1, K2, K3 and K4 uplink signals to the missile. The missile transponder beacon is tracked in range and angle using the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas.

HQ-2A/B / CSA-1 / S-75 / SA-2 Guideline SAM System Upgrades
SNR-75M3 Fan Song E Engagement Radar Detailed Imagery

SNR-75 Fan Song C/E Principal Specifications [A, C]
Operating Band [GHz]	5.010-5.090  / 4.910-4.990
Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) [msec]	-
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) [Hz]	Search 828-1,440 / Track  1,656-2,880
Pulse Duration [usec]	0.4-1.2
Peak Power [MegaWatt]	1.0 - 1.5 (0.6 A/B/F)
Ave Power [kiloWatt]	-
Displayed Range [km]	75.0-150.0
Range Resolution [m]	-
Mainlobe Width [°]	1.5 x 7.5 (2.0 x 10.0 A/B/F variants)
Scan Rate [Hz]	15.5 - 17.0
Track/Engage Capability [targets]	1/1
Missile Uplink Channels [-]	2
Deploy/Stow Time [min]	~60

(Image via Peter's ADA)

Fan Song Variants
Russian Designation	NATO Designation	IOC
RSNA-75 / SA-75 Dvina	Fan Song A / SA-2A Guideline Mod. 0	1956
RSNA-75M / SA-75M Dvina	Fan Song B / SA-2B Guideline Mod. 1	1960
RSN-75 / S-75 Desna	Fan Song C / SA-2C Guideline Mod. 2	1959
RSN-75M / S-75M Desna	Fan Song C / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1964
RSN-75VM / S-75MV	Fan Song D / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1964
RSN-75MV / S-75VM Desna	Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1960
RSN-75V / S-75V Desna	Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1973
RSN-75V1 / S-75M1 Volkhov	Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1963
RSN-75V2 / S-75D Volkhov	Fan Song E / SA-2F Guideline Mod. 5	1971
SNR-75M3 / S-75M3 Volkhov	Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1975
SNR-75M4 / S-75M4 Volkhov	Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3	1978
RSNA-75M / S-75M2 Volkhov	Fan Song F / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3
Source: http://www.rzeszow.mm.pl/~jowitek/S-75.html / Vestnik PVO

RSNA-75M / Fan Song F  used with the S-75M2 Volkhov / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3.

SNR-75M3 / Fan Song E deployed (Vestnik PVO, US DoD).

SNR-125 Low Blow / S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa

SNR-125M Low Blow B deployed, with UNV and UNK vans, and generator van (via Vestnik PVO).

The SNR-125 Low Blow is the engagement radar for the S-125/SA-3 Goa family of command link guided SAM systems. The system was widely deployed by Warsaw Pact nations and some Soviet proxies in the Middle East, as well as India. While the system is regarded to be now obsolete, like the SA-2, a number of manufacturers in former Soviet republics are offering deep technology upgrades to the Low Blow design to improve maintainability, performance and jam resistance.

Like the SNR-75, the SNR-125 uses a pair of fixed scanned trough antennas to generate flapping fan shaped beams, but the design is inherently SORO with a separate transmit antenna mounted between the characteristic chevron arrangement of trough antennas. Optical adjunct tracking using the 9Sh33A Karat 2 television telescope has been installed on  later variants, initially the SNR-125M1. The antenna at the top of the turret is used for the low power missile FMCW uplink channels.

The antenna suite on the Low Blow radar head is more sophisticated and complex than the earlier Fan Song design. The antenna functions are, respectively:

UV-10: Transmit for target and missile tracking, Transmit/Receive for rangefinding, Transmit/Receive for initial target acquisition, Receive for clutter cancelling channel. The boom mounts a cluster of feed horns, including a rotating scanning feed, each producing unique mainlobes. The scanned acquisition beam mainlobe is 1° wide and swept through a 15° arc in elevation at 25 Hz, the mainlobe for target tracking transmit and rangefinding receive is 10° wide.
UV11 F1 and F2: Receive antennas for target and missile transponder beacon tracking. These produce 1° x 15° fan shaped mainlobes which sweep through a 15° arc.
UV-12: Missile uplink antenna for the FMCW 12 Watt command link.

The Low Blow is designed to acquire targets using only bearing and range inputs from an external 2D acquisition radar, such as a P-12/18 Spoon Rest or P-15M Squat Eye. When acquiring a target, the Low Blow radar head is rotated to the target bearing and the UV-10 antenna scanning feed engaged to produce a 1° wide pencil beam swept in elevation.

Once the target is acquired the Low Blow is switched into tracking mode, using the UV-10 antenna to transmit, the UV-10 to receive for ranging, and the scanning UV-11 chevron receive antennas for angle tracking. The radar head is mechanically steered in azimuth and elevation to maintain track.

Like the Fan Song, the Low Blow provides manual tracking, automatic tracking and television angle tracking modes. The system provides five missile guidance control laws, TT (CLOS), PS, MV (LoAlt), K (surface target attack) and DKM (ballistic). Three missile uplink signals are employed, K1 and K2 for pitch/yaw steering, and K3 for fuse control.

Russian doctrine in the presence of heavy jamming was often to cease emitting and use the scanning receiver to effect angle tracking of the jammer, acquire the target with the TV telescope, and perform a range unknown missile shot against the jammer in CLOS mode.

Due to the addition of a clutter canceller and analogue MTI circuits, the Low Blow has significantly better clutter rejection performance compared to the earlier Fan Song. Cited low altitude capability is against targets as low as 20 m (~60 ft AGL).

A number of upgrades have seen the towed Low Blow rehosted on to a vehicle to provide a self propelled "shoot and scoot" capability for batteries, with the launchers also mounted on vehicles to produce proper TELs. Several upgrades are available in which most or all of the analogue electronics are replaced with digital COTS technology.

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System Analysis

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System Upgrades

1S32 Pat Hand / 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef

The Krug / SA-4 Ganef was the first fully mobile battlefield area defence SAM system deployed by the Soviet PVO-SV. It was intended for division level area defence. The principal acquisition radar was the P-40/1S12 Long Track. Missile guidance and target tracking was performed by the 1S32 Pat Hand radar. Batteries could also be integrated with the 9S44 Krab K-1 combat support system which was intended to fuse data from multiple acquisition radars to facilitate target tracking and battery control, these could be the P-10 Knife Rest, P-12/18 Spoon Rest, P-15/19 Flat Face, P-15M Squat Eye and P-40/1S12 Long Track. IOC was achieved in 1965, with the last variant deploying in 1974.

The Pat Hand combined a cluster of four antennas, the largest of which was a monopulse narrow beam target track antenna, to the left of which was the monopulse wide angle missile track antenna. Missile capture and command uplink antennas are mounted above the pair. An 9Sh33 optical tracker, identical to the 2K12 / SA-6 Gainful design, was later added. The 1S62 command datalink was used to control the 2P24 TELs, and employed a telescoping mast antenna. The 3M8 / SA-4 Ganef missile used command link guidance not unlike the S-75 / SA-2 Guideline and S-125 / SA-3 Goa, with similar control laws. Russian sources claim that the missile also used a pulsed semi-active homing seeker for terminal guidance, however documentary materials published in Germany indicate this is not correct.

Russian sources put the peak power rating at 750 kiloWatts, sensitivity at 10^-13 Watts, angle track error at 0.06° and range error at 15.0 metres.

1S32 Pat Hand engagement radar (Russian MoD).

5N62 Square Pair / S-200A/V/D Angara/Vega/Dubna / SA-5 Gammon

1. Sector Search Mode: the antenna automatically sweeps in azimuth, incrementally increasing the elevation angle with each sweep.
2. Conical Search Mode: the antenna automatically sweeps a circle, increasing the off-boresight angle with every sweep.
3. Manual Mode: the operator uses an elevation and azimuth wheel to steer the boresight.

Much like other SA-5 battery components, the 5N62 Square Pair FMCW radar is more than often installed in a fixed concrete revetment, or as this example shows, an elevated fixed concrete platform. The system is transported using a convoy of trailers, one each for the K-1 and K-2 cabins, with three for the disassembled antenna package (via www.s-200.de).

The K-2 Fire Control Centre cabin, like many 1960s PVO systems, is built into an OdAZ-828 semi-trailer (foreground) , and K-1 trailer (background)(via www.s-200.de).

Operator stations in the 5N62 K-2 Fire Control Centre van. This system is a former DDR NVA S-200VE later shipped to the US for technical evaluation (via Peter's ADA).

Above, below: Early model S-200A Angara K-2 Fire Control Centre van interior (Almaz brochure via Free SAM Simulator).

Above, below: Early model S-200A Angara 5N62 Square Pair K-1 van interior (Almaz brochure via Free SAM Simulator).

5N62 Square Pair antenna stowed for transport (via www.s-200.de).

1S91 Straight Flush / 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful

Numerous upgrades exist for the 2K12 SAM system, which are detailed separately.

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Analysis

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Upgrades

1S91M2 Straight Flush of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Hungarian Army Straight Flush. Note the stacked feeds on the search radar (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Slovakian Army Straight Flush commander and operator consoles. The LHS digital display is part of an incremental upgrade (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Land Roll / 9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa AK/AKM / Osa T / SA-8 Gecko

Osa AKM - an upgraded SA-8B Gecko (JSC Kupol images).

The Land Roll engagement radar package in the SA-8 Gecko was designed to provide a completely autonomous acquisition and engagement capability for this point defence missile system.

The acquisition component is equipped with a mechanically steered stabilised paraboloid section antenna with three feeds, providing a 1° - 4° mainlobe in azimuth and 19° mainlobe in elevation, sweeping at 33 RPM. This radar produces a peak power of 270 kiloWatts. the 1S51 IFF interrogator antenna is mounted above the primary reflector.

The tracking and missile guidance component is mounted on the front of the turret. It has a large protected truncated paraboloid primary reflector with a ~1° mainlobe, used with a ~200 kiloWatt peak rated pulsed transmitter, and a 2*10^-13 Watt receiver. This radar is used to perform precision tracking of targets using a monopulse feed network for high jam resistance, and it provides the transmit portion of the beacon channel.

To either side of the primary antenna are paired missile capture, tracking and uplink antennas, used to support the Command to Line of Sight (CLOS) guidance on the missiles. The missiles receive pitch/yaw steering commands and a fuse activation command, generated by the fire control system and its 9S456M3 computer system.

Adjunct angle optical tracking is provided by a 9Sh38/83-2 Karat optical tracker.

Land Roll engagement radar (Osa 1T updated variant) antenna suite (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

In operation, the acquisition radar develops tracks of potential targets, and once a target is selected, the turret with the antenna head is slewed to point the tracking antenna at the target. The tracking antenna then searches, acquires and initiates angle and range tracking of the target. Once the target is within the LAR, the missiles can be launched. Missile power-up, gyro spinup and stabilisation on TELAR power takes ~13 sec. After the missile is launched it must be captured. the wide beam aperture achives this between 60 - 150 m from the TELAR. The system then switches into the medium beam mode, and then narrow beam mode, once the missile has been steered on to its intended trajectory.

Russian sources claim the trajectory used included a vertical bias component to fly the missile above the line of sight converging with the target at impact. German sources claim a modified TT/CLOS algorithm is used.

The complete mission package is powered by a 9I210 gas turbine APU, driving a  220V /400 Hz and 27 VDC power supply.

Numerous upgrades are on offer for the Gecko, including the Russian Osa AKM and ByeloRussian Osa 1T.

Acquisition Radar
Peak Power [kW]	270.0
Receiver Sensitivity [W]	10-13
Pulse Duration [usec]	0.45
Accuracy	Angular 2°  / 300 m
PRF [kHz]	2.8
IF Frequency [MHz]	30.0
Detection Range [km]	45.0
Azimuth Coverage	360°
Elevation	0-30°
Antenna Lobe 1	1.23° Azimuth / 4.0° Elevation
Antenna Lobe 2	1.23° Azimuth / 4.0° Elevation
Antenna Lobe 3	1.4° Azimuth / 18.0-22.0° Elevation
Scan Rate [RPM]	33.0
Engagement Radar
Peak Power [kW]	180.0
Sensitivity [W]	10-13
PRF [kHz]	2.8
IF Frequency [MHz]	30.0
Pulse Duration [usec]	0.225
Tracking Envelope	Target Range [km]: 0-28.0
	Elevation: -12° to +78°
	Azimuth: 330°
Slew Rates [°/sec]	Elevation: 30.0
	Azimuth: 15.0
Resolution	Angular: 00-20
	Range: 55m
Accuracy	Range: +/-10m
	Azimuth: 1.3°
	Elevation: 0.9°
Missile Tracking Receivers
Search Sector	Elevation: -12° to 78° Azimuth +/-15°
Capture Angle	22.8°
Maximum Error	10°
Antenna Lobes	"wide beam" 14° "medium beam" 2.2° "narrow beam" 0.6
Missile Uplink Transmitters
Peak Power [kW]	100.0
Pulse Duration [usec]	0.72
Antenna Lobes	"wide beam" 10-18° "medium beam" 3°
Uplink Message K1 / K2	Pitch/Yaw
Uplink Message K3	Proximity Fuse Activate
Uplink Message K4	Reserved

Tetraedr Osa 1T legacy TELAR (Tetraedr images).

NIIP 9S35/9S35M Fire Dome / SA-11 Gadfly

NIIP 9S36 / SA-17 Grizzly

9S35M1 Fire Dome on 9A38M1 TELAR in Buk M1 system (Wikipedia image).

Buk M2E / SA-17 Grizzly TELAR with new NIIP 9S36 Passive ESA Engagement Radar (image Said Aminov via Vestnik PVO).

The 9S35 Fire Dome tracking and illumination radar first emerged as part of the transitional 2K12M3/M4 Kub M4 / SA-6 Gainful, carried by the semi-autonomous 2P25MZ TELAR. The intent behind the design was to permit a larger number of concurrent engagements, by putting a track/illuminate radar on to every single TEL in the SA-6 battery to support engagements using the 3M9M3/9M9M3 SAM round. With the advent of the new 9K37 Buk / SA-11 Gadfly, the 9S35 was adapted for the new 9A38 TELAR and associated 9M38 SAM rounds. The 9S35 is mounted on the front of the TELAR turret, the aft section containing the elevating launch rails for four SAM rounds.

The 9S35 Fire Dome provides a limited search and acquisition capability, a tracking capability and CW illumination for terminal guidance of the semi-active homing SAM seekers. It incorporates an IFF interrogator, optical tracker, datalink, and is powered by the TELAR's gas turbine generator. A shared antenna is employed for two X-band transmit/receive channels. These respectively provide a pulsed mode for search and track functions, with linear chirp for compression, and a CW mode for illumination. Monopulse angle tracking is employed for jam resistance. For target tracking the antenna and feed system provide a mainlobe with 2.5° width in azimuth and 1.3° in elevation. For CW illumination the antenna and feed system provide a mainlobe with 1.4° width in azimuth and 2.65° in elevation.

Operating autonomously, the 9S35 will take 4 seconds to sweep a 120° sector, with an elevation of 6° to 7°. When cued to acquire and track, with will take 2 seconds to sweep a 10° x 7° az/elev solid angle. Average power output in pulsed tracking modes varies between 0.5 and 1 kiloWatt, with CW illumination at 2 kiloWatts. The search and monopulse angle tracking receivers are both rated at a Noise Figure of NF=10 dB. The range error is cited at 175 metres, the angular error at less than 1°. The radar can switch from standby mode to combat operation in twenty seconds.

Notable exports include Finland (M1), Egypt (M1-2), Myanmar (M1-2), Serbia (M1-2), Syria, and Georgia (M1). Upgrades on offer include the Russian Agat 9B-1103M-350 active radar seeker, based on the RVV-AE / AA-12 "AMRAAMski" seeker, for the 9M38 round. The Buk MB upgrade package is offered by NPO Agat in ByeloRussia, better known for its Command Posts.

9K317 Buk M2 / SA-17 Grizzly introduced the new Tikhomirov NIIP 9S36 passive phased array engagement radar, replacing the Fire Dome. The beamsteering parameters cited by Russian sources are consistent with a tilted fixed passive phased array. ESA element count, sidelobe performance, peak power and other cardinal design parameters have not been disclosed to date. The cited detection and tracking ranges for the 9S36 are not consistent with NIIP's airborne PESA design range performance, power densities and aperture sizes, and should be therefore be treated with caution - NIIP have achieved considerably better range performance in the N-011M BARS and N-035 Irbis E airborne radars, with smaller apertures.

The most interesting component of this design is the standalone mast mounted 9S36 phased array, designed to provide extended low altitude and surface coverage, in air defence but also maritime coastal defence applications. This design uses a 21 metre telescoping and elevating mast which mounts a radar head with the 9S36.

NIIP 9S36 PESA Engagement Radar
Target Acquisition Coverage:
Azimuth	±45°
Elevation	0 -  50°
Target Tracking Coverage:
Azimuth	±60°
Elevation	-5 - 85°
Range Performance (MiG-21 RCS Target):
Detect	100 km
Acquire/Track	95 km
Number of Tracked Targets	4

9S36 Passive ESA antenna (NIIP image).

9S32 Grill Pan / S-300V / SA-12 Gladiator / Giant

9S32M Grill Screen / S-300VM / SA-23 Gladiator / Giant

Technical Report of SA-12 / SA-23

9S32 Grill Pan (Image © 2009, Sergey Kuznetsov).

Like the 9S19, the 9S32 is a high power-aperture, coherent, X-band phased array, but specialised for missile guidance producing a mainlobe of ~1 degree in width. The TWT based transmitter is rated at 150 kW peak and 10 to 13 kW average power, with receiver sensitivity cited at 10^-17 Watts.

Cited detection ranges are about 80 nautical miles for fighter sized targets, 40 nautical miles for SRAM class missiles and up to 80 nautical miles for larger IRBMs.

The pulse Doppler radar uses monopulse angle tracking techniques, frequency hopping in all modes to provide high jam resistance, and linear FM chirped waveforms providing a high compression ratio. Three auxiliary receiver channels are used for cancelling sidelobe jamming.

Two basic operating modes are used. In the first the 9S32 is controlled by the 9S457 command post and acquires targets within a narrow 5º x 6º degree field of view, alternately it can autonomously search and acquire targets within a 60º field of view, from an elevation of 0 to 18º. A datalink antenna is mounted aft of the array.

Cited aerial target RMS errors for the 9S32 are 5-25 metres in range, 0.3 - 1.5 m/s in velocity, and 0.2 - 2 arcmin in elevation and bearing.

The S-300VM and likely S-300V4 employ the heavily redesigned 9S32M Grill Screen. This 9S32 derivative employs an space fed PESA which is clearly based on the design used in the 9S19 Imbir / High Screen series of ABM radars. Cited range performance is ~108 nautical miles, but may be as high as 135 nautical miles given revised range figures for the 9M82M missile.

Scrum Half / PESA / 9K331M/M1 Tor M/M1/M2E / SA-15 Gauntlet 

 

1RL144 Hot Shot / SA-19 Grison

Phazotron 1L36E/1RS2 / VNIIRT 1RS2-1 / 96K6 Pantsir S1 / SA-22

The development of the Pantsir S/S1 saw the introduction, initially, of a search radar with a doubly curved parabolic surface and eliptical shape. This was supplanted in production variants with a VNIIRT developed phased array. The latter design has since appeared on 2K22M1 Tunguska M1 demonstrators, as well as tracked and wheeled 96K6 Pantsir S1 demonstrators and production systems.

The VNIIRT developed PESA technology acquisition radar on the Pantsir S1, the 2RL80/2RL80E, uses a mechanically rotated 1776 x 940 mm sized 760 kg passive S-band phased array. The design provides elevation coverage between 0° and 60°, range coverage between 1 and 50 km, and performs a circular scan in 2 or 4 seconds. The radar can initiate tracking in 2 seconds. Cited detection range performance for a 1 m² target is 47 km, for a 0.1 m² target is 26 km. Cited clutter rejection is 55 dB. Accuracy figures cited are 50 metres in range, 15 - 18 min of arc in azimuth, and 25 - 30 min of arc in elevation.

Elevation coverage is selectable in increments of 0° - 60°, 0° - 30°, 40° - 80° and 0 - 25°, and the radar can search a 360° circle at 15 or 30 RPM. Range coverage can be selected in several modes, at 1-30 km, 1-50 km, 1-25 km and 3-80 km.

Acquisition performance for various target types has also been cited, with notable inconsistencies:

• 36 km for a small fighter with a 2 m² RCS;
• 20 km for a manoeuvring cruise missile with a 0.1 m² RCS;
• 16 km for a glidebomb with a 0.2 m² RCS;
• 12 km for an AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missile with a 0.1 m² RCS;
• 32 km for an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.

The evolution of engagement radars in the Pantsir series has seen three distinct designs.

Early Pantsir S1 demonstrators initially used an MMW band monopulse tracking antenna, with a characteristic conical radome, with the Russians claiming two discrete Phazotron designs in this configuration, the 1L36-01 Roman and later 1RS2-E Shlem.

This pulse Doppler radar is designated the 1RS2/1RS2-E Shlem or SSTsR (Stantsiya Slezheniya Tsel'a i Rakety - Target and Missile Tracking Station), initially designated the 1RS1 and 1RS1-E for export. Cited tracking range performance for a 2 m² target is 30 km. Cited RMS angular errors for X-band operation are 0.3-0.8 milliradians, for Ku-band operation 0.2-0.4 milliradians, with a 5 metre range error.

The X-band component of the SSTsR is used for target tracking, and uplink of missile steering commands., the Ku-band component for target and missile beacon tracking. The system typically guides one or two missile rounds against a single target.

This design has since appeared on the 2K22M1 Tunguska M1 demonstrators, various repackaged Pantsir variants on smaller chassis, usually with the 2RL80E acquisition radar.

In 2004 the requirement for the PVO engagement radar changed, when it was expected that the program would be cancelled. A new requirement was issued to increase the number of concurrent targets to be tracked and engaged, and engagement range was increased. This likely reflects the success of the US GBU-31/32/35/38 JDAM and emergence of analogues globally, where more than two weapons would be released from an aircraft concurrently. With the GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb intended to be released eight at a time, the Roman and Shlem would be saturated in a single aircraft attack.

This resulted in the development of an entirely new PESA based radar, curiously designated the

1RS2-1 / 1RS2-1E, but also labelled by a Russian source as the 1RL123-E. VNIIRT has been credited with the development of this design. To date all imagery has excluded views of the PESA antenna without the protective radome, so the following description is based on recent public disclosures and is yet to be validated [1][2]:

• Operating centre wavelength claimed by KBP to be “8 mm in the K-band” - antenna geometry suggests 15 mm (20 GHz) to 18 mm (16.7 GHz);
• Beamsteering angles of up to ±45° of arc;
• Mechanical PESA boresight steering in elevation between -5° and 82°;
• Track while scan of nine separate targets;
• 90% probability of initial target acquisition within 1 second of coordinate transfer from the 2RL80 with errors of ±2.5° in azimuth, ±2.5° in elevation, ±200 m in range and ±60 metres / sec in radial velocity;
• Tracking errors of 0.2 milliradians in azimuth, 0.3 milliradians in elevation, 5 metres in range and 2 metres / sec in velocity;
• Ability to track airborne targets at velocities between 10 to 1,100 metres / sec;
• Ability to capture 4 missiles after launch;
  
• Ability to track 3 to 4 outbound missiles at velocities between 30 to 2,100 metres / sec;
• Detection range of 24 km against a 2.0 m² RCS airborne target; 21 km against a 1 m² RCS airborne target; 16 km against a 0.5 m² RCS airborne target; 10 km against a 0.1 m² RCS airborne target; 7 km against a 0.03 m² RCS airborne target;

High countermeasures resistance is claimed for the 1RS2-1 and 2RL80, but not detailed beyond the standard descriptions found in brochures.

The primary antenna is used for target and missile tracking, it is supplemented by a command link antenna which is part of the APKNR (Apparatura Peredachi Komand i Naprovadzaniya Raket) subsystem for datalink control of the missiles.

The 1L36-01 Roman was the first engagement radar used on the Pantsir S demonstrators. The characteristic conical radome shape conceals a parabolic reflector antenna with a quad waveguide feed for dual plane  monpulse angle tracking, with X-band and Ku-band channels. Note the smaller upper missile command link antenna. The radar has been labelled as a 96L6-1, but more commonly as the 1L36-01 (© 2007, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).

The 1RS2-E Shlem was the second engagement radar used on the Pantsir S demonstrators, it continues to be offered with Pantsir and Tunguska variants on tracked chassis where its compact size and single target limitation do not present operational problems. The antenna has not been displayed without the radome, but is likely to be very similar to the earlier 1L36 Roman series (© 2005, Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO).

Detail of  new Pantsir S1 1RS2-1 / 1RS2-1E PESA engagement radar, which is claimed to operate in the Ku-band. The small upper antenna belongs to the APKNR (Apparatura Peredachi Komand i Naprovadzaniya Raket) subsystem for datalink control of the missiles. The design has been credited to VNIIRT (KBP).

Operator stations in an early configuration of the Pantsir S.

Crew stations in the recent Pantsir S1E hosted on the GM-352 chassis (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).